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<title>Complementary currency</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Complementary currency</span></span>

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<p>A <b>complementary currency</b> is a <a href="Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> or <a href="Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">medium of exchange</a> that is not necessarily a national currency, but that is thought of as supplementing or complementing national currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-ccto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccg2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccg2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Complementary currencies are usually not <a href="Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> and their use is based on agreement between the parties exchanging the currency. According to Jérôme Blanc of Laboratoire d'Économie de la Firme et des Institutions, complementary currencies aim to protect, stimulate or orientate the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> They may also be used to advance particular social, environmental, or political goals.<sup id="cite_ref-hal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup>

</p><p>When speaking about complementary currencies, a number of overlapping and often interchangeable terms are in use: <a href="Local_currency" title="Local currency">local</a> or community currencies are complementary currencies used within a locality or other form of community (such as business-based or online communities); regional currencies are similar to local currencies, but are used within a larger geographical region; and <a href="Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">sectoral</a> currencies are complementary currencies used within a single economic sector, such as education or health care. Many <a href="Private_currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private currencies">private currencies</a> are complementary currencies issued by private businesses or organizations. Other terms include <b>alternative currency</b>, auxiliary currency, and microcurrency. <a href="Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a> is a form of alternative currency, and thus any form of lending that does not go through the banking system can be considered a form of alternative currency. <a href="Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Exchange Trading Systems">Local Exchange Trading Systems</a> are a special form of <a href="Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> that trades points for items. One point stands for one worker-hour of work, and is thus a <a href="Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">time-based currency</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2></div>

<p>Current complementary currencies have often been designed intentionally to address specific issues, for example to increase financial stability.<sup id="cite_ref-crisis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crisis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and/or are intended to address multiple issues. They can be useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital, and for adjusting peoples' spending behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-boot_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boot-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that "all reasons" were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMeulenaere_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMeulenaere-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aims may include:

</p>

<ul><li>resocialisation and emancipation</li>

<li>lifeboat currencies</li>

<li>to increase financial stability<sup id="cite_ref-crisis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crisis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>to reduce carbon emissions, by encouraging localisation of trade and relationships</li>

<li>to encouraging use of under-used resources<sup id="cite_ref-ccg2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccg2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup></li>

<li>to recognise the informal economy</li>

<li>promote local businesses</li>

<li>maintaining purchasing power, value preservation</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3></div>

<p>Alternative currencies increase in activity if the local economy slows down, and decrease in activity if the local economy goes up.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most successful if the currency circulates within the users, in cycles or loops, as shown in an analysis of the use of Sardex by 1,477 entities in Sardinia in 2013 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3></div>

<p>According to professor Nikolaus Läufer's theory, the use of local currencies such as <a href="Freigeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Freigeld">Freigeld</a> can only increase economic activity temporarily. Lengthy use of a local currency will ultimately result in a decline in economic activity and lead to a destabilization of the economy. This is due to the increased circulation velocity of the money as the amount in circulation decreases (as currencies as Freigeld reduce in value rapidly).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>There are some complementary currencies that are regional or global, such as the <a href="Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a>, <a href="WIR" class="mw-redirect" title="WIR">WIR</a> and Friendly Favors, Tibex in the <a href="Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> region in Italy or the proposed global currency <a href="Terra_(proposed_currency)" title="Terra (proposed currency)">terra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rietaer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rietaer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A <a href="Community_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Community currency">community currency</a> is a type of complementary currency that has the explicit aim to support and build more equal, connected and sustainable societies. A community currency is designed to be used by a specific group.<sup id="cite_ref-CCIA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCIA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_complementary_currencies">List of complementary currencies</h2></div>

<th scope="col">Name

</th>

<th scope="col">Type

</th>

<th scope="col">Country

</th>

<th scope="col">Region

</th>

<th scope="col">Active

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Brixton_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Brixton pound">Brixton pound</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2009–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Bristol_pound" title="Bristol pound">Bristol pound</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2009–2021

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="BerkShares" title="BerkShares">BerkShares</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>2006–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Calgary_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary dollar">Calgary dollar</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Canada

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>1995–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Chiemgauer" title="Chiemgauer">Chiemgauer</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2003–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Detroit_Community_Scrip" title="Detroit Community Scrip">Detroit Community Scrip</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>2009–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Kenya

</td>

<td>Africa

</td>

<td>2010–2011

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Eusko" title="Eusko">Eusko</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td><a href="Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, France

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2013–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Exeter_pound" title="Exeter pound">Exeter pound</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2015–2018

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Findhorn Ecovillage, <a href="Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, Scotland (U.K.)

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2002–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Fureai_kippu" title="Fureai kippu">Fureai kippu</a>

</th>

<td>Sectoral currency

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>Asia

</td>

<td>1995

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Ithaca_Hours" title="Ithaca Hours">Ithaca Hours</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United States

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>1991–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Kelantanese_dinar" title="Kelantanese dinar">Kelantanese dinar</a>

</th>

<td>Regional currency

</td>

<td>Malaysia

</td>

<td>Asia

</td>

<td>2006–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Lewes_pound" title="Lewes pound">Lewes pound</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2008–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>Regional currency

</td>

<td><a href="Orania%2C_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Orania, Northern Cape">Orania</a>, South Africa

</td>

<td>Africa

</td>

<td>2014–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Bon_Towarowy_PeKaO" title="Bon Towarowy PeKaO">Bon Towarowy PeKaO</a>

</th>

<td>Regional currency

</td>

<td>Poland

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>1960–1989

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Sarafu-Credit" title="Sarafu-Credit">Sarafu-Credit</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Kenya

</td>

<td>Africa

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Spesmilo" title="Spesmilo">Spesmilo</a>

</th>

<td rowspan="2">Community currency

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a> (mostly Great Britain and Switzerland)

</td>

<td>Mostly Europe

</td>

<td>1907- First World War

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Stelo" title="Stelo">Stelo</a>

</th>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>1945-1993

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Stroud_pound" title="Stroud pound">Stroud pound</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2009–present

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Toronto_dollar" title="Toronto dollar">Toronto dollar</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>Canada

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>1995–2013

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row"><a href="Tumin_(currency)" title="Tumin (currency)">Tumin</a>

</th>

<td>Local currency

</td>

<td>El Espinal, Veracruz, Mexico

</td>

<td>North America

</td>

<td>2010–present

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<p>Other non-regional complementary currencies include:

</p>

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<ul><li>Commercial credit circuit<sup id="cite_ref-C3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a> (CES) – global exchange network</li>

<li><a href="Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Exchange Trading Systems">Local Exchange Trading Systems</a> (LETS) – an example of <a href="Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a>, is a type of local currency used in a number of small communities worldwide.</li>

<li>Rábaközi Tallér<sup id="cite_ref-RT1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Sardex, alternative currency used in <a href="Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sardex_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sardex-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ven_(currency)" title="Ven (currency)">Ven</a> – a digital currency used in <a href="Hub_Culture" title="Hub Culture">Hub Culture</a>, a private social network<sup id="cite_ref-ven_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ven-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="WIR_Bank" title="WIR Bank">WIR Bank</a> – founded in 1934, oriented towards small and mid-sized corporations</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="ANCAP_(commodity_standard)" title="ANCAP (commodity standard)">ANCAP</a></li>

<li><a href="Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li>

<li><a href="Bancor" title="Bancor">Bancor</a></li>

<li><a href="Bearer_instrument" title="Bearer instrument">Bearer instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lietaer" title="Bernard Lietaer">Bernard Lietaer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano (blockchain platform)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">Commodity money</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Community currency">Community currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_wealth_building" title="Community wealth building">Community wealth building</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li>

<li><a href="Conder_token" title="Conder token">Conder token</a></li>

<li><a href="Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit money</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Currency_substitution" title="Currency substitution">Currency substitution</a></li>

<li>Cyclos</li>

<li><a href="Demurrage_currency" title="Demurrage currency">Demurrage currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital currencies">Digital currencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li>

<li><a href="E.C._Riegel" class="mw-redirect" title="E.C. Riegel">E.C. Riegel</a> – proposed the Valun Private Enterprise Money System</li>

<li><a href="Flex_dollar" title="Flex dollar">Flex dollar</a></li>

<li><a href="Freigeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Freigeld">Freigeld</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Canadian_community_currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian community currencies">List of Canadian community currencies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_community_currencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of community currencies in the United States">List of community currencies in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">Local exchange trading system</a></li>

<li><a href="Margrit_Kennedy" title="Margrit Kennedy">Margrit Kennedy</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Paul Glover (activist)</a></li>

<li><a href="Patacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patacon">Patacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Silvio_Gesell" title="Silvio Gesell">Silvio Gesell</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Jenkin" title="Tim Jenkin">Tim Jenkin</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Banking">Time Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="Tumin_(currency)" title="Tumin (currency)">Tumin</a></li>

<li><a href="Urstromtaler" title="Urstromtaler">Urstromtaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Ven_(currency)" title="Ven (currency)">Ven (currency)</a></li>

<li><a href="W%C3%B6rgl_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wörgl experiment">Wörgl experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="World_currency" title="World currency">World currency</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Glover, Paul</a>. <i>Hometown Money: how to enrich your community with local currency.</i> Greenplanners, 2013.</li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Lietaer" title="Bernard Lietaer">Lietaer, Bernard</a>. <i>The Future of Money</i>. Random House, 2001.</li>

<li>Raddon, M. <i>Community and money: men and women making change</i>. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003.</li>

<li>Suhr, Dieter (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~roehrigw/suhr/nngengl.html">The Neutral Money Network (NeuMoNe): A Critical Analysis of Traditional Money and the Financial Innovation "Neutral Money"</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccmag.net/">Community Currency Magazine</a></i></li>

<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/ijccr/">International Journal of Community Currency Research</a></i></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccDatabase/les_public.html">Online Database of Complementary Currencies Worldwide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116075240/http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccDatabase/les_public.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialtrade.org">Social Trade Organisation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure-exchange-protocols.org/">Secure eXchange Protocols</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813002903/https://secure-exchange-protocols.org/">Archived</a> 2020-08-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203093018/http://www.tradenow.gr/HowItWorks.aspx?lang=en">Trade Point: Internal currency of Barter platform</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minutesbank.com">Minutes Bank</a></li></ul>

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<li><a href="Distributed_ledger" title="Distributed ledger">Distributed ledger</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightning_Network" title="Lightning Network">Lightning Network</a></li>

<li><a href="MetaMask" title="MetaMask">MetaMask</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li>

<li><a href="MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Namecoin" title="Namecoin">Namecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li>

<li><a href="Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li>

<li><a href="Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Petro_(token)" title="Petro (token)">Petro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li>

<li><a href="Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li>

<li><a href="Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li>

<li><a href="Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Polkadot_(blockchain_platform)" title="Polkadot (blockchain platform)">Polkadot</a></li>

<li><a href="Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li>

<li><a href="Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li>

<li><a href="Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li>

<li><a href="Aventus_(protocol)" title="Aventus (protocol)">Aventus</a></li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li>

<li><a href="Chainlink_(blockchain_oracle)" title="Chainlink (blockchain oracle)">Chainlink</a></li>

<li><a href="KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li>

<li><a href="Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Meme_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Meme coins">Meme coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="%24CHILLGUY" class="mw-redirect" title="$CHILLGUY">Chill Guy</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBcoin">LGBcoin</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Libra" class="mw-redirect" title="$Libra">Libra</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Melania" class="mw-redirect" title="$Melania">Melania</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawthereum" title="Pawthereum">Pawthereum</a></li>

<li><a href="%24Trump" title="$Trump">Trump</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hashgraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li>

<li><a href="Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li>

<li><a href="MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li>

<li><a href="WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="XRP_Ledger" title="XRP Ledger">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">BitConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li>

<li><a href="KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="OneCoin" title="OneCoin">OneCoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Petro_(token)" title="Petro (token)">Petro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crypto service companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hyperledger" title="Hyperledger">Hyperledger</a></li>

<li><a href="Quahl" title="Quahl">Initiative Q</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%24Libra_cryptocurrency_scandal" title="$Libra cryptocurrency scandal">$Libra cryptocurrency scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="2023_United_States_banking_crisis" title="2023 United States banking crisis">2023 United States banking crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Airdrop_(cryptocurrency)" title="Airdrop (cryptocurrency)">Airdrop</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin in El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLicense" title="BitLicense">BitLicense</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li>

<li><a href="Crypto-anarchy" title="Crypto-anarchy">Crypto-anarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrencies_in_Europe" title="Cryptocurrencies in Europe">Cryptocurrencies in Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrencies_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cryptocurrencies in Puerto Rico">Cryptocurrencies in Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_in_Australia" title="Cryptocurrency in Australia">Cryptocurrency in Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria" title="Cryptocurrency in Nigeria">Cryptocurrency in Nigeria</a></li>

<li>Cryptocurrency scams</li>

<li><a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">Decentralized application</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_ledger_technology_law" title="Distributed ledger technology law">Distributed ledger technology law</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-spending" title="Double-spending">Double-spending</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_bitcoin" title="Environmental impact of bitcoin">Environmental impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">Initial coin offering</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial_exchange_offering" title="Initial exchange offering">Initial exchange offering</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a></li>

<li><a href="Token_money" title="Token money">Token money</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_bitcoin_reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic bitcoin reserve (United States)">United States Strategic Bitcoin Reserve</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cryptocurrency">Commons</a></b></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medium_of_exchange124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Medium_of_exchange124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">Medium of exchange</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">Commodity <br>money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">Axe-money</a> (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li>

<li><a href="Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li>

<li><a href="Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li>

<li><a href="Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li>

<li><a href="Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li>

<li><a href="Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li>

<li><a href="Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li>

<li><a href="Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li>

<li><a href="Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li>

<li><a href="Demurrage_currency" title="Demurrage currency">Demurrage currency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Money" title="Money">Money</a><br>(<a href="Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li>

<li><a href="Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li>

<li><a href="Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li>

<li><a href="Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li>

<li><a href="Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li>

<li><a href="Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a>

<ul><li><a href="Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li>

<li><a href="Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li>

<li><a href="Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Complementary_currency&oldid=1300742702">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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